The conflict of law arising out of the case of Umar Khalid v. State (NCT of Delhi), booked under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, is a unique case where the principles of state security, free speech and expression, preventive detention, and the right to liberty clash with each other and presents us with an opportunity to clarify the laws dealing with terrorism. Instead of examining the guilt or innocence of Dr Umar Khalid, this paper analyses the legal framework governing extended pre-trial incarceration under special statutes such as the UAPA, especially Section 43D (5), and how it deviates from general bail jurisprudence. The study traces the trajectory of “prima facie true” standards through the ruling in NIA v. Zahoor Ahmad Shah Watali. It examines how this threshold undermines the presumption of innocence at the bail stage. By examining the Umar Khalid case, the paper interrogates whether indefinite incarceration without trial commencement remains acceptable under the Indian Constitution. art. 21, and if yes, then to what extent, especially when the delay is systemic instead of attributable. Comparison with analogous laws of the U.K., U.S., and Canada is drawn to demonstrate that, while preventive detention is recognised and accepted internationally as a counterterrorism measure, it is typically accompanied by strict temporal and procedural limitations, continuous judicial review, and enforceable safeguards against arbitrariness, if any. This paper illustrates the challenging task of harmonising legislative precaution with constitutional liberty and preventive measures with procedural fairness, as the legitimacy of a national security law depends not only on its potential to prevent terror or harm but also on its ability to operate within a framework that ensures liberty is not compromised indefinitely.

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The accelerated pace of the emergence of the new generation computing models, such as “quantum computing, bioinspired computing, and neuromorphic computing,” is radically transforming the underlying technology for contemporary media systems. The growing reliance of journalism on advanced computational intelligence in news gathering, content generation, audience analytics, and fact-checking raises unprecedented ethical questions about established traditions and values. This paper investigates how quantum-enabled data processing, bioinspired algorithmic decision-making processes, and neuronalinspired neuromorphic systems are reconfiguring the established ethics in journalism, including accuracy, accountably, transparency, autonomy, privacy, and editorial responsibility. Quantum Computing: With enhanced data analysis capabilities and breakthroughs in cryptography, there arise challenges regarding the confidentiality of information sources, surveillance, and imbalances in information power. Bio-inspired Computing: These systems, based on evolutionary and collective phenomena in living organisms, affect content curation, virality, and audience engagement, thereby altering journalistic gatekeeping and perpetuating problems associated with potential algorithmic biases and information manipulation. Neuromorphic Computing: These computer systems, which model the workings of the human brain, have further blurred the distinction between human judgment and autonomous operation, raising concerns about moral agency, empathy, and accountability in automated journalism. By integrating insights from media ethics, communication theory, and computational intelligence, this article advances an expanded ethical frame for journalism in the cognitive machine era. The paper argues that traditional normative models are ill-suited to address the ethical challenges posed by nonlinear, adaptive, and probabilistic computing systems. It concludes by emphasising the need for interdisciplinary ethical governance, human-centric design principles, and regulatory foresight to protect public trust, democratic values, and journalistic integrity in next-generation media ecosystems.

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Printing began around 3000 BCE, with the protoElamite and Sumerian civilisations using cylinder seals to authenticate clay tablets. The seal blocks followed them, hammered coins, pottery imprints, and fabric printing. In the 13th century, metal type characters were developed in China, Japan, and Korea. These printing systems provided the basis for advanced techniques. Johannes Gutenberg invented the Gutenberg printing press, which enabled faster, more efficient book production. The Gutenberg printing press enabled the mass production of printed materials. The offset press for metal printing was created by Robert Barclay in 1875. In 1904, Ira Washington Rubel applied the technology to paper, which relied on a basic chemical reaction that separates oil and water. The evolution of printing technology in books reached its peak with digitalisation, making the 21st century a significant period. In this context, the present research aims to examine the digital revolution in books from the 20th century to the 21st century. Its impact and implications on eBook readers in Bengaluru are also considered. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Using the quantitative research method, a structured questionnaire was administered to 256 eBook readers in Bengaluru. Under the qualitative approach, a content analysis has been undertaken to examine the printing revolution from antiquity to the modern era. The study considers various news articles, research papers and books for the content analysis. As a developing country for 75 years, India has ambitious plans to become a developed country by 2047. So, knowing the status of e-books and their impact on readers is vital.

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This study examined the operational challenges faced by print media in Tanzania, with a focus on the Mwananchi and Habari Leo newspapers. The theories of Technological Determinism and Gatekeeping guided it. The study employed a qualitative, case-study design; data were collected through interviews with 29 media professionals, two focus groups, and 70 questionnaires completed by media staff, vendors, readers, and industry experts. The data were thematically analyzed, and the results identified five significant challenges facing print media operation in Tanzania, including: declining journalism quality due to staff layoffs and rushed stories; digital disruption leading to changing consumer behaviour from print to digital; financial constraints caused by decreased circulation, sales, and advertising revenue; an unfriendly media legal framework; and political and business pressures. The study recommends adopting digital technology to improve journalistic standards, increase flexibility, and attract digital consumers. It also advocates for a comprehensive policy review to promote a free, competitive, and sustainable media sector. Specifically, it urges the government to revise restrictive media laws to support the survival, independence, and growth of Tanzania’s print media, striking a balance between technological advancements and robust protections for press freedom while maintaining the quality and standards of published news and information.

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The 21st century has ushered in technological advancements, with drones used for news gathering by television stations worldwide. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge and use of drone technology for news gathering among television stations in Abuja, Nigeria. The study used an interview method, in which 10 journalists from NTA NEWS24 and AIT stations were interviewed to obtain results. The study was anchored in the Technology Acceptance Model, which showed the usefulness of gathering information from dangerous scenes using drones and the ease of remotely piloting the aircraft from a safe location to cover certain events without being harmed. Findings from the interview revealed that the camera operators at both television stations were the most knowledgeable among newsroom journalists in using drones, as they were adequately trained. Findings also showed that newsworthy events that used drones for coverage included natural disasters such as floods, sporting events, and protests. The study concluded that NTA NEWS24 and AIT stations have fully incorporated drones into their news gathering. Therefore, it was recommended that television stations should go beyond training only camera operators to utilise drones and also train reporters, in line with television stations worldwide.

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This paper critically examines the gendered dynamics of the nursing profession in India, focusing on the systemic under-representation of male nurses. Despite India’s acute shortage of healthcare workers—exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic—the nursing sector remains overwhelmingly feminised. This study interrogates the historical, sociocultural, and institutional factors that perpetuate the stigmatisation of male nurses, situating the analysis within feminist scholarship and labour market theories. Through a review of historical narratives, the paper traces how colonial and post-colonial discourses framed nursing as a “feminine” vocation, rooted in patriarchal norms and caste-based hierarchies. The analysis reveals how gendered stereotypes reinforced by media, policy, and societal expectations discourage male participation, despite the profession’s critical role in public health. Institutional barriers, such as gender-based quotas and wage disparities, further entrench these inequalities, while cultural perceptions associate nursing with failure or demasculinisation. The study also explores the lived experiences of male nurses, highlighting their struggles with stigma, workplace discrimination, and societal pressure to conform to hegemonic masculinity. By synthesising theoretical insights with empirical observations, this paper advocates for a reimagined understanding of care work, one that dismantles gendered hierarchies and promotes equitable participation.

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